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Incorporated companies have excellent access to capital through capital stock, equity, and limited liability, which contributes to the growth and innovation of startups. However, they also present challenges, such as volatility of capital and decentralization of management, and require transparent management and internal controls.   Stock corporations are the epitome of today’s...

Antimicrobial chemicals are an essential tool in pathogen control, acting to destroy or inhibit the infectivity of a wide range of pathogens. To be effective, they must be selected to match the structure and composition of the pathogen and applied at the right dose and frequency. It also requires ongoing research and monitoring to prevent pathogen resistance and minimize environmental...

Perception is the process of perceiving things through the body’s sensory organs, and describes the relationship between objects in the material world and me in the world of consciousness. Objectivist philosophy divides perception into material reactions or judgments of consciousness, but perception is an experience in which subject and object are intertwined, and through which the subject...

After ending the chaos of the Warring States Period, the Qin attempted to consolidate its rule through the control of ideas, which hindered the convergence of diverse ideas. One early thinker analyzed Qin’s failures and sought a stable rule, while another criticized Qin’s legalistic policies and proposed a dynastic polity that attempted to fuse Confucianism with other ideas.  ...

Patent holders have exclusive rights to their inventions and utilize the patent system to protect them. Patent infringement is categorized into direct and indirect infringement, and the doctrines of component completeness and equivalents are applied to determine which is which. Patent holders can protect their rights through legal action in the event of infringement.   The patentee is...

Patents and trade secrets are the primary means of intellectual property protection and play an important role in innovation and economic development. The issue of corporate tax avoidance by ICT multinationals and the debate on the introduction of digital taxes has significant implications for countries’ economic strategies and tax revenues. There is a need for cooperation and coordination...

Axel Hornet diagnoses the pathological problem of modern society as the deprivation of self-actualization due to social neglect, and argues that the restoration of social recognition and the struggle for recognition are necessary to overcome it. He explains individual self-formation and positive self-consciousness by dividing it into primordial relationships, rights relationships, and value...

Contemporary philosopher Alain Badiou argues that social change requires an unpredictable and traumatic event that creates truth. After the event, individuals and groups search through the elements of society and assemble the elements that are true to the event to form a truth, and this truth is what drives social change.   Contemporary philosopher Alain Badiou argues that politics is about...

Computers represent data as 0s and 1s, and use signed absolute value, 1’s complement, and 2’s complement to represent positive and negative numbers in 4 bits. Signed double precision is math imprecise, and base 1 suffers from the double representation of zero. The two’s complement solves these problems and provides rules for handling overflows to make the computation more...

The philosophical perspectives of Plato and Lucretius deal with the inevitability and contingency of world formation. Plato emphasized the inevitable meaning given by the creator, while Lucretius saw the world as a product of chance. Their ideas have important implications for understanding modern and future societies.   Plato saw the meaning of things as pre-existing before the things...