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The case of a boy with a low IQ who became proficient in multiple foreign languages and studies of people with aphasia confirm that human language ability exists independently of other cognitive abilities and is determined by specific areas of the brain. This shows that language is a distinct function of the brain.   A 13-year-old boy with an IQ of less than 70 cannot button his own clothes...

Tax shifting describes the phenomenon whereby the tax burden of a government-imposed tax is not borne solely by the taxpayer, but is shifted between consumers and producers based on market supply and demand. Tax shifting determines who ultimately bears the burden of a tax, and it has major implications for equitable taxation principles and policy design.   Governments levy taxes to raise...

This article uses the World Cup qualifying match between France and Ireland to make the case that FIFA should introduce a six-referee system at the World Cup to ensure the fairness of soccer. The six-referee system is better suited to the nature of soccer than video review, and has been suggested as a way to reduce errors while maintaining the authority of the referee, and FIFA’s adoption...

3D printers combine computer-aided design with additive manufacturing to create products in an additive fashion, enabling innovative and customized production in a variety of industries, including healthcare, aviation, and fashion. The technology is used for prototyping, medical devices, and aviation parts, among other things, and is helping to digitize and transform traditional manufacturing...

The evolution of photography was catalyzed by the advent of the daguerreotype and the calotype, each of which had a unique impact on the fields of portrait and landscape photography. Daguerreotypes became popular for portrait photography due to their fine detail, while calotypes were used for artistic expression due to their reproducibility and similarity to printmaking.   The emergence of...

Rating systems are used in a variety of fields as a tool to objectively evaluate skills, but the process raises questions about the ability to quantify all skills.   Skill is the ability to do something. This “something” can be anything from studying, competitions, board games, online games, and more. People often say they are “good” at something because they see people who are better than...

Medicine is more than just a healing technique; it requires a philosophical approach that seeks to harmonize the laws of nature and human health. This has been the essence of medicine since ancient times, and it is an important value that should not be lost in the modern era.   Aristotle saw medicine as an exemplary case of transforming practical skills and knowledge into a true science. The...

Emerging to address the dangers and high cost of X-rays, ultrasound diagnostics have become a safe and affordable alternative and are widely used in a variety of medical fields. The technology mimics the ability of animals to utilize ultrasound, allowing for precise diagnosis of even the most sensitive parts of the human body.   Until the discovery of X-rays in 1895, no one thought it would...

This article critically analyzes the concept of honor killings, arguing that they are really just violence justified by a distorted sense of honor, and that true honor can never be achieved at the expense of life. Suggest why and how legal and social change is needed.   Honor killing is the killing of a member of a group by another for having tarnished the honor of the family, tribe, or...