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The problem of free-riders in group work undermines a sense of community and collaboration. To combat this, small groups, repetitive assignments, and a reward and punishment system based on participation are effective ways to reduce free-riders and increase the effectiveness of group work.   It has been said, ‘If you look at university group work, you can see why communism is...

  The laws of thermodynamics are the laws that govern the relationship between heat and mechanical work, and they are very relevant to our daily lives. The second law of thermodynamics, the law of increasing entropy, explains that natural phenomena occur in a direction of increasing disorder. It emphasizes the importance of conserving energy and protecting the environment, and small actions...

Homo sapiens has become the dominant species in ecosystems through cognitive, agricultural, and scientific revolutions, and has achieved unimaginable evolution through intelligent design, including biotechnology, cyborg engineering, and non-organic engineering. But their insatiable appetite and evolution without an ultimate goal warns of a possible apocalypse.   About 100,000 years ago, Homo...

The experience of scolding my younger brother in high school made me think about the nature and purpose of scolding. Whether it is for educational purposes or to relieve the emotions of the person being scolded, it makes me recognize and reflect on the difference between my own standards and those of society.   A few years ago, at this time of year, high school juniors were the so-called...

While scientific theories rely on inductive arguments based on observation, the subjectivity and imperfection of observation has a significant impact on the reliability of scientific inquiry. Repeated experiments and various methods are used to improve reliability, and science seeks more accurate and comprehensive understanding through a process of self-correction.   Unlike deduction, which...

If you were given the opportunity to choose between the real world and virtual reality, which world would you choose? Through an exploration of the differences between the two worlds and the nature of humanity, we consider where we can find true happiness.   “You look like you have a lot on your mind, would you like to talk about it?” One day, you’re approached by someone...

This article explains why humans cooperate through altruistic behavior and how altruism evolved, using the eusocial species hypothesis and the prisoner’s dilemma. It discusses that people with similar dispositions can be highly rewarded when they come together to cooperate, and that this is a strategy that favors the development of society and the survival of individuals.   With the...

This course explores why good people exist from an economic and evolutionary perspective, covering the kin selection hypothesis and the reciprocity hypothesis. The repetition-reciprocity hypothesis theorizes that people act altruistically in repeated situations where there is a possibility of retaliation, but it has limitations in explaining one-off encounters or situations involving large...

This article traces the development of evolutionary theory from Lamarck’s theory of soluble bodies to Darwin’s theory of natural selection to modern genetics, and how it provides a deeper understanding of the origin and change of life. It explores how the scientific method explains the diversity of life and the impact of evolutionary theory beyond the sciences into the humanities and...