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Efficiency means increasing the welfare of society as a whole, and legal systems are shaped by this. For example, prohibiting theft, enforcing bankruptcy laws, intellectual property rights, and environmental protection laws encourage creativity and promote long-term well-being. Laws should balance fairness and efficiency through social consensus, taking into account economic, social, and...

Logical positivism argues that universal statements are established through the accumulation of single-entity statements through objective observation, but this has been criticized because it cannot guarantee future truth. Critical rationalism, on the other hand, argues that propositions are formed in relation to existing theories, and that hypotheses must be verified through disprovability...

Since the modern era, Western philosophers have tried to limit causality to relationships between physical actions. Hume pointed out that causation itself cannot be directly observed. This is where Newman’s process theory comes in, which explains causation through the spatiotemporal trajectory of an object. This theory distinguishes between causal and non-causal processes, but it has...

Advertising starts as a profit-seeking tool for sellers, but it has a complex impact in many ways, including promoting market competition, increasing consumption, revitalizing the economy, changing social values, and polluting the environment. We need advertising that promotes eco-friendly consumption and considers social responsibility.   Although advertisements are designed as a means of...

Reading to explore a topic in depth begins with understanding the overall structure of a book, selecting and focusing on the parts you need to read. Readers integrate their background and newly acquired knowledge, organize it through writing, and reconstruct meaning on a social level. They expand their knowledge through academic discussion and critique and contribute to the intellectual...

Proficient readers use their background knowledge to understand the meaning of texts, consider the context of the text to fill in gaps and adjust their reading strategies. They also expand their knowledge through ongoing reading activities and apply it to solve real-world problems.   What skills and attitudes do proficient readers possess? Proficient readers have the ability to effectively...

Entailment theory, a concept that describes the relationship between moral and non-moral properties, originated in ethics and has since spread to other fields such as aesthetics, psychology, and linguistics. Aesthetic entailment explains the dependence of aesthetic properties on non-aesthetic properties, and addresses the problem of justification and inconsistency in aesthetic judgment. Exploring...

Public goods are goods or services produced for the common consumption of many people, characterized by non-rivalry and non-excludability. Government public goods policies for the public good may face policy dilemmas, and strategies such as the rational model and the satisficing model are used to solve them. It is important to maximize public benefits and minimize social costs through different...

Reid argues that causality requires more than just physical conditions; it requires the free will of the actor. In his view, the true cause is human will, and the physical events are merely effects.   Suppose a red ball hits a stationary white ball, causing the white ball to move. Hume laid out three requirements for a causal relationship between the red ball hitting the white ball and the...

In the process of becoming an adult, we often lose sight of the values that we hold dear, as I found myself forgetting the value of concessions in the midst of fatigue and conflict after entering college. However, in order to become a true adult, we must constantly look at ourselves, reflect, and strive to become a better person.   When I was in high school, I thought college students with...