We use inductive reasoning in many everyday situations to evaluate others based on first impressions and observed behavior. In science, inductive reasoning is useful as a tool for progress, but when applied to humans, it is subject to exceptions and errors. This can be seen in crime prevention systems and stop-and-frisk practices, and it needs to be used carefully and restrictively when it...

The reason why people should live altruistically and rightly rather than selfishly is a survival strategy that stems from group interactions. Selfish behaviors, such as free-riding, may bring short-term benefits, but in the long run, they are detrimental to both the individual and the group. According to the group selection hypothesis, groups dominated by altruistic behavior are more likely to...

Contrary to the expectation that advances in science would make religion irrelevant, it is still alive and well, and the number of religious people is growing. Richard Dawkins, a leading atheist, tries to explain religious beliefs with science, but his arguments are metaphysical. Science is a tool for exploring facts and cannot answer questions of value and meaning. When science remains neutral...

Computers are limited in their ability to implement randomness and cannot provide completely unpredictable results like a coin flip. In the real world, random numbers for security and gaming are generated using TRNG and PRNG methods. TRNGs create perfect random numbers by observing natural phenomena, but are limited in speed and reproducibility. To compensate, PRNGs use mathematical algorithms...

Natural fermentation uses the microorganisms found in nature to provide the rich flavor and health benefits of traditionally fermented foods. The lactic acid bacteria, antibacterial substances, and enzymes produced during fermentation help improve digestion and immunity, and the unique flavors created by the various microorganisms provide a deep flavor that sets them apart from processed...

Tissue transparency technology is a method of making opaque tissue transparent in three dimensions by removing lipids from the tissue. This allows for high-resolution observation of cells and tissue structures, and CLARITY technology is particularly important for studying disease in the brain and organs.   The human brain is one of the most complex organs in the body. The number of neurons...

This article examines whether animal testing is ethically problematic and discusses the justification for sacrificing other life for human survival and development. Exploring the relationship between humans and animals, it argues that animal testing itself is not ethically problematic, but that ethical standards should be strengthened through the 3Rs principle (replace, refine, and reduce) to...

In movies such as Iron Man and The Terminator, artificial intelligence is often depicted as either carrying out human commands or as a threat to humanity. Real-world A.I. is still weak and doesn’t fully embody autonomous learning and judgment, but the debate continues about the implications for humanity if stronger A.I. is possible through the development of artificial brains.   Iron...

Genetic engineering is useful for treating and preventing genetic diseases, but if it becomes widespread, it could threaten humanity’s right to equality and diversity. To prevent this, we need to limit the scope of genetic modification and strengthen social morality.   Our right to be different must be protected. I am different from the person in the room in front of me, and I am...

There is a long-standing debate about the role of nature and nurture in shaping human beings. Initially, it was believed that genes determined our bodies and even our personalities, but as research has progressed, epigenetics has come to the forefront, suggesting that environmental influences can alter gene expression. As a result, the idea that genes and the environment interact to shape human...