Permanent waves are an easy, sustainable hairstyling option for busy people that works by changing the molecular structure of your hair to give it the shape you want over time. Based on the scientific principle of changing hair through oxidation and reduction reactions, this procedure is more permanent than temporary methods like blow-drying. While the exact amount of time needed to touch...
The Turing machine, proposed by Alan Turing, was a theoretical computational model that laid the conceptual foundation for complex computation and problem solving. It demonstrated the possibility of solving any computable problem using simple rules and an infinite tape, and provided the theoretical basis for the design principles and algorithms of modern computers. The computer is a unique...
Pain is a defense response to tissue damage and is triggered by mechanical, temperature, and chemical stimuli. Pain signals are transmitted to the brain via nociceptors and nerve fibers, and analgesic substances such as endorphins inhibit pain. Pain is a type of sensation that is a defensive response that gives us conscious awareness when tissue damage has occurred or is about to occur...
Tennis player Steffi Graf demonstrated the impact of positional externality when her winning percentage skyrocketed in the absence of her nemesis, Seles. This phenomenon occurs when one’s own reward depends on the performance of a competitor, and it shows that overheated competition can lead to a waste of resources. Tennis player Steffi Graf made a lot of money by winning the 1992...
Concrete has evolved from lime mortar in ancient Rome to modern, high-tech carbon fiber concrete, used in a variety of structures including homes, roads, and buildings. The invention of cement and innovations such as rebar reinforcement and prestressing techniques have made concrete an even stronger and more versatile building material. Today, it’s hard to find a place on Earth that...
In chemical reactions, catalysts increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy, and solid catalysts are composed of an active ingredient, a support, and an enhancer to maximize efficiency. The active ingredient adsorbs reactants, the support provides thermal stability, and the enhancer modulates activity, making them essential in a variety of industries. ...
Supercritical fluids, a fourth state of matter besides solids, liquids, and gases, possess the properties of both liquids and gases, and offer exceptional efficiency and safety in extraction and separation processes. Supercritical fluids are utilized in a variety of industries, including food engineering, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and environmental engineering, and their importance and...
Ancient Greek mythology symbolized the inevitability of fate or inevitability, and through the development of philosophical thought, it was transformed into various meanings such as lawfulness from a mechanistic perspective and the inevitability of qualitative conditions from an objective perspective. ‘Ananke’ appears in ancient Greek mythology as a goddess symbolizing...
Rebar and concrete are both materials with excellent properties, but when used alone, their weaknesses can become apparent. Because rebar is resistant to tensile forces and concrete is resistant to compressive forces, reinforced concrete combines the two materials to compensate for their weaknesses and performs exceptionally well as a building material. There are many different materials...
A fingerprint is a regular flowing pattern of ridges from the dermis to the epidermis of a finger, which is used as biometric information that is important for identification because it does not change throughout life. Fingerprint recognition systems are categorized into optical, capacitive, and pyroelectric sensor types, each of which uses different principles to acquire fingerprint images to...